This post is a part of our 10 Cases the Shaped India in 2019 series.

 

What is the National Register of Citizens (NRC)?

Assam was the first Indian State to have a National Register of Citizens (NRC), a document which contains a list of all Indian citizens residing in the State. The list contains the names, addresses and photographs of legal residents. All Assamese residents who are not included in the list are considered illegal immigrants.

 

The NRC in its current form is a result of the Assam Agitation, which lasted from 1979 to 1985. The Agitation was a political movement led by the All Asom Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) and the All Assam Student Union (AASU), whose focus was the expulsion of illegal migrants.  It resulted in the signing of the Assam Accord in 1985, which established cut-off dates for regularizing migrants to Assam

 

Demographic Change in Assam:

Image source: Network18 Creative

 

What role did the Supreme Court play in implementing the NRC?

In 2009, an NGO called Assam Public Works filed a petition in the Supreme Court pleading for the names of undocumented migrants to be removed from the voter’s list. It also prayed for the NRC to be updated. In 2013, the petition was admitted and the Court directed the Centre to begin the process of updating the NRC.

 

The Supreme Court carefully monitored the implementation of the NRC. NRC State Coordinator Prateek Hajela regularly submitted reports updating the Court on progress made. Finally, on 31 August 2019, the final Assam NRC was published, excluding 19 lakh applicants, which is around 6% of Assam’s population.

 

What recourse can excluded residents take?

Persons excluded from the final NRC may appeal to a Foreigners Tribunal. On 17 May 2019, the Supreme Court in Abdul Kuddus clarified that Foreigners Tribunals are the ‘competent authority’ to declare (or not declare) a person a foreigner. Further, it held that orders by Foreigners Tribunals apply res judicata, meaning that once a person is declared a foreigner by a Foreigners Tribunal, that person is barred from approaching it a second time.

 

Recently the procedure followed by Foreigners Tribunals has come under challenge. On 2 July 2019, the All Assam Minority Students Union (AAMSU) filed a petition in the Supreme Court claiming that certain procedures followed by the Foreigners Tribunals create ‘unreasonable and arbitrary conditions’ on individuals appealing exclusion. In particular, the AAMSU has challenged the Foreigners (Tribunal) Amendment Order, 2019 which grants Tribunals the power to reject appeals without hearing the appellant.

 

Must Reads:

1. Nazimuddin Siddique analyses processes by which Assamese residents may arbitrarily lose Indian citizenship, focusing on both the NRC and ‘Doubtful voter’ (D-voter) list.
2. Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty provides a history of the Assam Agitation, which eventually led to the signing of the Assam Accord in 1985.
3. Relying on census data, Ajaz Ashraf argues that religious demographic changes in Assam are not primarily the result of illegal immigration.
4. Bikash Singh reports on various political organizations rejection of the final NRC published on 31 August 2019, including the BJP.
5. Arshu John interviews Senior Advocate Sanjay Hegde, who argues that the ‘NRC will haunt India’.