Validity of the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021 | Judgement Matrix

On 19 November 2025, a Bench of Chief Justice B.R. Gavai and Justice K.V. Chandran delivered a verdict on the constitutionality of the Tribunal Reforms Act, 2021.

It found that Parliament had re-enacted provisions from the Tribunals Reforms Ordinance, 2021, which had been struck down by the Court in July, 2021. This was done without addressing the underlying defects highlighted by the Court. While the Union government submitted that the judiciary cannot dictate law-making, the Court clarified the distinction between direction of legislation and review of enactments to ensure Constitutional supremacy.

The Court struck down contested provisions of the Act, related to appointments, tenure, salary and terms of service.

In this matrix, we summarise the key holdings of the Court. Read our Judgement summary for a more detailed report. Below is the breakdown of the judgement.